Eng. Sometimes, higher temperatures are used instead of a catalyst (at the similar reaction condition). The aromatic products of the reaction are then separated from the reaction mixture (or reformate) by extraction with any one of a number of solvents, including diethylene glycol or sulfolane, and benzene is then separated from the other aromatics by distillation. [56] The CC bond lengths are greater than a double bond (135 pm) but shorter than a single bond (147 pm). Die aromatischen Verbindungen. Phosgene. Solution Chem., 1987, 16, 745-752. ; Simonov, V.M. As a consequence, gasoline often contained several percent benzene before the 1950s, when tetraethyl lead replaced it as the most widely used antiknock additive. Pyrolysis gasoline can be blended with other hydrocarbons as a gasoline additive, or routed through an extraction process to recover BTX aromatics (benzene, toluene and xylenes). When plastic water pipes are subject to high heat, the water may be contaminated with benzene. [1]24, 1935, 107-115. The phase diagram for benzene shows the phase behavior with changes in temperature and pressure. [47][48] It was the German chemist Carl Grbe who, in 1869, first used the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to denote specific relative locations of the substituents on a di-substituted aromatic ring (viz, naphthalene). ; Udowenko, W.W., It also shows the saturation pressure with changes in temperature. Am. heat [1] 3. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Benzene is classified as a carcinogen, which increases the risk of cancer and other illnesses, and is also a notorious cause of bone marrow failure. Devon is applying 100N of . Czech. Chem. Cp,gas : Ideal gas heat capacity (J/molK). ; Udovenko, W.W., Akad. Data, 1986, 31, 238-240. . In nitration, benzene reacts with nitronium ions (NO2+), which is a strong electrophile produced by combining sulfuric and nitric acids. Enthalpies of combustion of toluene, benzene, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, methylcyclopentane, 1-methylcyclopentene, and n-hexane, All rights reserved. Heat capacities at constant volume, free volumes, and rotational freedom in some liquids, After exposure to 63 to 405mg/m3 of benzene for 1 to 5 hours, 51 to 87% was excreted in the urine as phenol over a period of 23 to 50 hours. Even if it is not a common substrate for metabolism, benzene can be oxidized by both bacteria and eukaryotes. Complete decarboxylation of mellitic acid gives benzene. There are sufficient high-quality literature values to make a good evaluation with a high degree of confidence. [all data], Rajagopal and Subrahmanyam, 1974 [101] After smoking 32 cigarettes per day, the smoker would take in about 1.8 milligrams (mg) of benzene. [42] If the anecdote is the memory of a real event, circumstances mentioned in the story suggest that it must have happened early in 1862. Zhur. Copper standard solution,CAS Number:7440-50-8,Specification:50mL Similarly, the Friedel-Crafts acylation is a related example of electrophilic aromatic substitution. Is benzene solid or liquid? It is dangerous to try to dispose of benzene by washing it down a sink, since it is toxic, will cause environmental damage, and presents a fire risk. Chem. [all data], Findenegg, Gruber, et al., 1965 Thermodynam., 1982, 14, 523-529. The limit of the fusion process is the hydrogen-free allotrope of carbon, graphite. All rights reserved. It was formerly used as parasiticide. For a given species, see the thermodynamic values below. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! ; T = 280 to 353 K. Data also given by equation. reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid. The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. [51], Trace amounts of benzene are found in petroleum and coal. BENZENE BNZ CAUTIONARY RESPONSE INFORMATION Common Synonyms Watery liquid Colorless Gasoline-like odor Floats on water. Whereas alkenes can be hydrogenated near room temperatures, benzene and related compounds are more reluctant substrates, requiring temperatures >100C. Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons. This is often called "on-purpose" methodology to produce benzene, compared to conventional BTX (benzene-toluene-xylene) extraction processes. [68] European petrol specifications now contain the same 1% limit on benzene content. Policies. Data, 2008, 37, 4, 1855-1996. Molar heat capacities of binary liquid mixtures: 1,2-dichloroethane + benzene, + toluene, and + p-xylene, The use of mixing calorimeter for measuring heat capacities of liquids, NQ01 mutations result in loss of function and may result in decreased detoxification. Soc., 1940, 62, 696-700. How much heat must be transferred to the mixture per g-mole of feed? Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. Examples of simple benzene derivatives are phenol, toluene, and aniline, abbreviated PhOH, PhMe, and PhNH2, respectively. A method for the determination of the specific heats of liquids, and a determination of the specific heats of aniline and benzene over the approximate range 20C to 50C, lifetime movies list 2023; what does a call back interview mean; stashbox vape bmm; mens burberry belt; boa account number and tax id pdf 2022; 2 C6H6 + 15 0212 CO2 + 6HO + 1562 kcal How much heat is given off when 877 g (one liter) of benzene reacts with oxygen? Tschamler, H., Huffman, H.M.; Parks, G.S. France, 1929, 45, 36-49. Wilhelm, E.; Faradjzadeh, A.; Grolier, J.-P.E., The formula for specific heat capacity, C, of a substance with mass m, is C = Q / (m T). Several enzymes are involved. In similar fashion to this catalytic reforming, UOP and BP commercialized a method from LPG (mainly propane and butane) to aromatics. : Dynamic viscosity (Pas). AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, benzene was used as an after-shave lotion because of its pleasant smell. [all data], Tanaka, 1982 Soc., 1924, 46, 903-917. London, 1933, 45, 194-207. Excess function of VE,(dVE/dp)T, and CpE of isooctane + benzene and + toluene, Heat Stress Risk Assessment for Baseball and Softball Assignors . Thermodynam., 1976, 8, 411-423. Chim., 1960, 8, 651-653. [106], The Nazis used benzene administered via injection as one of their many methods for killing. Chem. Chem., 1971, 24, 1817-1822. [all data], Fortier, Benson, et al., 1976 ; Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid, Entropy of solid at standard conditions (1 bar), Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions, Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions. Chemical Properties of Ethylbenzene (CAS 100-41-4) InChI InChI=1S/C8H10/c1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,2H2,1H3 InChI Key YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formula C8H10 SMILES CCc1ccccc1 Molecular Weight 1 106.17 CAS 100-41-4 Other Names .alpha.-methyltoluene Aethylbenzol Benzene, ethyl- EB Ethylbenzeen Ethylbenzol Etilbenzene Etylobenzen NCI-C56393 NSC 406903 Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the . [20] In 1836, the French chemist Auguste Laurent named the substance "phne";[21] this word has become the root of the English word "phenol", which is hydroxylated benzene, and "phenyl", the radical formed by abstraction of a hydrogen atom (free radical H) from benzene. Physical State (20 deg.C) Liquid. biphenyl (aka diphenyl) at higher temperature: If the raw material stream contains much non-aromatic components (paraffins or naphthenes), those are likely decomposed to lower hydrocarbons such as methane, which increases the consumption of hydrogen. Toluene disproportionation (TDP) is the conversion of toluene to benzene and xylene. Chem., 1978, 82, 1282-1290. Class XII. [46], The German chemist Wilhelm Krner suggested the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to distinguish di-substituted benzene derivatives in 1867; however, he did not use the prefixes to distinguish the relative positions of the substituents on a benzene ring. Soc., 1926, 48, 1274-1287. Specific heat of sulphuric acid= 1.40 . [all data], Tanaka, 1987 Benzene targets the liver, kidney, lung, heart and brain and can cause DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage. arrow_forward The specific heat capacity of copper metal is 0.385 J/g K. How much energy is required to heat 168 g of copper from 12.2 C to +25.6 C? Experimental device for measurement of isobaric specific heat of electrolytes at elevated pressures, Res., 1931, NBS 6, 881-900. It is also used in water treatment chemicals, paper sizing, artificial sweeteners, flavor enhancers, cosmetics, and lubricants. [86] These legal limits were based on studies demonstrating compelling evidence of health risk to workers exposed to benzene. [all data], Aoyama and Kanda, 1935 [all data], Vesely, Svoboda, et al., 1977 [30][37] Kekul used evidence that had accumulated in the intervening yearsnamely, that there always appeared to be only one isomer of any monoderivative of benzene, and that there always appeared to be exactly three isomers of every disubstituted derivativenow understood to correspond to the ortho, meta, and para patterns of arene substitutionto argue in support of his proposed structure. Under these conditions, toluene undergoes dealkylation to benzene and methane: This irreversible reaction is accompanied by an equilibrium side reaction that produces GSH is involved with the formation of phenylmercapturic acid. If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. The risk from exposure to 1 ppm for a working lifetime has been estimated as 5 excess leukemia deaths per 1,000 employees exposed. Soc., 1932, 54, 2705-2713. Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. Phys. [58][59][60][61] It is likely that this stability contributes to the peculiar molecular and chemical properties known as aromaticity. 9.11 Ratio of Specific Heats of Vapor (Gas): 1.061 9.12 Latent Heat of Vaporization: 169 Btu/lb = 94.1 cal/g = 3.94 X 105 J/kg [all data], Fiock, Ginnings, et al., 1931 Six-membered aromatic rings with one carbon replaced by another element: This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 05:01. J. Chem. Bunsenges. J. [all data], Deshpande and Bhatagadde, 1971 Have high density 4. Pure Benzene (C_6H_6) has a melting point of 5.5 degrees Celsius. ; Rossini, F.D., This discovery led to the production of Sanka. J. Many important chemical compounds are derived from benzene by replacing one or more of its hydrogen atoms with another functional group. ; Lundberg, W.O., Uber binare flussige Mischungen I. Mischungswarment, Volumseffekte und Zustandsdiagramme von chlorex mit benzol und n-alkylbenzolen, Substance Specific heat capacity (J/g C) lead 0.128 silver 0.235 copper 0.385 iron 0.449 aluminum 0.903 water 4.184 An unknown substance has a mass of 14.5 g.14.5 g. The temperature of the substance increases by 15.3 C15.3 C when 85.4 J85.4 J of heat is added to the substance. 1 C H vap (80. Why is the liquid phase of water denser than the solid phase? The hydrocarbon derived from benzoic acid thus acquired the name benzin, benzol, or benzene. Benzene causes cancer in animals including humans. The major sources of benzene exposure are tobacco smoke, automobile service stations, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions; however, ingestion and dermal absorption of benzene can also occur through contact with contaminated water. Sci. The most widely practiced example of this reaction is the ethylation of benzene. Note: (s) notation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid, otherwise value is equilibrium temperature of vapor over liquid. Benzene is a natural constituent of petroleum and is one of the elementary petrochemicals. Excess volumes and excess heat capacities of tetrachloroethene + cyclohexane, + methylcyclohexane, + benzene, and + toluene at 298.15 K, The structure of benzene and the benzene ring is shown in Figure 1.2. [38] Kekul's symmetrical ring could explain these curious facts, as well as benzene's 1:1 carbon-hydrogen ratio. Substantial quantities of epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data link benzene to aplastic anemia, acute leukemia, bone marrow abnormalities and cardiovascular disease. [all data], Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, References. J. Chem. and final temperature T f = C = K = F, Q = calories = kcal = x 10^ calories. Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure (narcotic effects) - Category 3 - Narcotic effect. 1196-58-3. Bull. It is used primarily as a precursor to the manufacture of chemicals with more complex structure, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, of which billions of kilograms are produced annually. Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. The phase diagram of benzene is shown below the table. Chemical, physical and thermal properties of benzene:Values are given for liquid at 25oC /77oF / 298 K and 1 bara, if not other phase, temperature or pressure given. NBS, 1945, 34, 65-70. The specific heat capacity of liquid water is 4.18 J/g-K. How many joules of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 5.00 g of water from 25.1C to 65.3C? J. [90] The NIOSH short-term exposure limit (STEL 15 min) is 1 ppm. [all data], Kurbatov, 1947 Applicability of the DuPont 900 DTA apparatus in quantitative differential thermal analysis, Acad. 10, 1967, No.1, 79-82. Mitt. [23][24] Gradually, the sense developed among chemists that a number of substances were chemically related to benzene, comprising a diverse chemical family. 1. Benzene is an excellent ligand in the organometallic chemistry of low-valent metals. [all data], Wilhelm, Grolier, et al., 1977 3 mtr circ Lifting strap 1 Ton x 1.5m EWL round sling Hoist, 30PCS 3/8-16x1-3/4" Allen Socket Head Cap Screws Bolts Alloy Coarse Black Oxide, Drive 6 Point Deep Impact Socket 55433 x 1/2 in Steelman 13/16 in, Combustible Gas Leak LEL Natural Gas Detector Methane Benzene Propane Alarm, 1-Count Sharpie Twin-Tip . Measurement of air and water levels of benzene is accomplished through collection via activated charcoal tubes, which are then analyzed with a gas chromatograph. Etude thermochimique dans la serie furanique, Thermal data on organic compounds. Vys. Ethylbenzene | C6H5C2H5 or C8H10 | CID 7500 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities . Thermodynam., 1976, 8, 289-299. Tohoku Imp. ; T = 9 to 80C, mean Cp, five temperatures. ; Smith, J.F. ; T = 293 to 323 K. Data calculated from equation. the Ann. Water is less resistant to temperature change than ethyl alcohol. [88] The purpose of establishing an IDLH value is (1) to ensure that the worker can escape from a given contaminated environment in the event of failure of the respiratory protection equipment and (2) is considered a maximum level above which only a highly reliable breathing apparatus providing maximum worker protection is permitted. However, in the 1950s, increased demand for benzene, especially from the growing polymers industry, necessitated the production of benzene from petroleum. Glutathione seems to play an important role by protecting against benzene-induced DNA breaks and it is being identified as a new biomarker for exposure and effect. The formula is Cv = Q / (T m). National Library of Medicine. rend., 1933, 197, 519-520. ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein [all data], Recko, 1968 Some thermodynamice properties of the systems benzene + ethylene dichloride, benzene + carbon tetrachloride, acetone + chloroform, and acetone + carbon disulphide, Alkyne trimerisation of acetylene gives benzene. Database and to verify that the data contained therein have [citation needed]. Specific heat of Benzene Gas - C6H6 - at temperatures ranging 250 - 900 K: Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! Calorimetry (Lect. Expert Answer. Follow us on Twitter Question, remark ? on behalf of the United States of America. Vesely, F.; Zabransky, M.; Svoboda, V.; Pick, J., Acad. Shiohama, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S.; Fujihara, I., Chem. For commercial use, until World War II, much of benzene was obtained as a by-product of coke production (or "coke-oven light oil") for the steel industry. been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. Chat now for more business. Chem. Coll. Ber. J. Chem. The aromatic compounds. [71] Highly instructive but of far less industrial significance is the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene (and many other aromatic rings) using an alkyl halide in the presence of a strong Lewis acid catalyst. . [all data], Tschamler, 1948 "Zur Kenntnis der ungesttigen Verbindungen,", "Untersuchungen ber aromatische Verbindungen (Investigations of aromatic compounds)", "The Structure of the Benzene Ring in Hexamethylbenzene", "An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method", "Meet Kathleen Lonsdale, the physicist and prison reformer who cracked benzene's code", "Faits pour servir la dtermination du lieu chimique dans la srie aromatique", "Untersuchungen ber die Constitution der zweifach-substituirten Benzole", "Life on Mars? Aust. 2039504. J. Chem. One way of understanding the carcinogenic effects of benzene is by examining the products of biological oxidation. [all data], Naziev, Bashirov, et al., 1986 2o -889 .1791 162 basic lead carbonate 3pb 2c 8o 2h 0 163 benzene 6h 6c 143 .0317 164 benzotrifuroxane (btf) 6c 6o 6n 571 .0686 165 beryllium (non-reactive) 1u2 .0668 166 beryllium (pure crystaline) 1be .0668 167 beryllium borohydride 2b 1be 8h -666 .0218 168 beryllium hydride 1be 2h -399 0 169 . Benzoic acid and its salts undergo decarboxylation to benzene. 11,960) for the fractional distillation of coal tar. *** Very flammable. [98] Benzene metabolism involves enzymes coded for by polymorphic genes. The specific heat of liquid water is 4.184 J/g C and the specific heat of steam is 1.99 J/g C. H vapof water = 40.8 kJ/mol. Instead, retain in a safe place in the laboratory (well away from any source of ignition). Gorbunova, N.I. [all data], Sieg, Crtzen, et al., 1951 Am. [77] The US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) classifies benzene as a human carcinogen. Heat capacities of some organic liquids determined with the mixing calorimeter, II., von Reis, M.A., ; Ganiev, Yu.A., Swietoslawski, W.; Zielenkiewicz, A., The title compound, C18H16N2O2, is a precusor for the synthesis of polyimides. [82], OSHA regulates levels of benzene in the workplace. ; Wilhelm, E.; Hamedi, M.H., [all data], Tanaka, 1985 Hazardous Combustion Products Carbon monoxide (CO). The pure material, and any solutions containing it, constitute a fire risk. ; Bashirov, M.M. Zur Thermodynamik von Mischphasen IX. ; Karbalai Ghassemi, M.H., In 1855, Hofmann used the word "aromatic" to designate this family relationship, after a characteristic property of many of its members. Dejardin, G., 80.0C Boiling Point Melting Point Heat of Vaporization: Heat of Fusion 10.0C 10.0 kJ/mol 30.0 kJ/mol 100.0 J/mol K 90.0 J/mol K 70.0 J/mol K heat capacity . [citation needed], Several tests can determine exposure to benzene. Important examples include the sandwich and half-sandwich complexes, respectively, Cr(C6H6)2 and [RuCl2(C6H6)]2. In addition to the standard 4 confined space gases which include combustibles, O2, CO, & H2S, the GX-6000 has 2 additional smart channels that accept . [96], The paradigm of toxicological assessment of benzene is shifting towards the domain of molecular toxicology as it allows understanding of fundamental biological mechanisms in a better way. Where Q = quantity of heat, c = specif heat of benzene, m = mass of benzene, t = initial temperature, t = final temperature. Thermodynamic properties of benzene, The current ACGIH biological exposure limits for occupational exposure are 500 g/g creatinine for muconic acid and 25 g/g creatinine for phenylmercapturic acid in an end-of-shift urine specimen.[91][92][93][94]. Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure May cause drowsiness and dizziness. Temp., 1983, 21(2), 270-275. Das Benzol." Contact us at contact@myengineeringtools.com 1. The heat capacities, entropies and free energies of twelve aromatic hydrocarbons, Long-term exposure to excessive levels of benzene in the air causes leukemia, a potentially fatal cancer of the blood-forming organs. [16] An acidic material was derived from benzoin by sublimation, and named "flowers of benzoin", or benzoic acid. [103], Under specific conditions and in the presence of other chemicals benzoic acid (a preservative) and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) may interact to produce benzene. ; Temprado, M.; Chickos, J.S. of Health and Human Services: TR-289: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Benzene, NLM Hazardous Substances Databank Benzene, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benzene&oldid=1139445886, potential occupational carcinogen, flammable. Benzene is sufficiently nucleophilic that it undergoes substitution by acylium ions and alkyl carbocations to give substituted derivatives. K) ..g (K) | 1 mol All you need to do is convert the grams to moles. ; Extrapolation below 90 K, 47.49 J/mol*K.; p = 0.1 MPa. I. [52] Benzene molecules have been detected on Mars.[53][54][55]. Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon.[15]. Combustible Gas Leak LEL Natural Gas Detector Methane Benzene Propane Alarm. Chlorination is achieved with chlorine to give chlorobenzene in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium tri-chloride. ; Wallace, J.H., Jr., ; Daniels, F., The affected batches were removed from sale. National Institutes of Health. [citation needed] Prior to the 1920s, benzene was frequently used as an industrial solvent, especially for degreasing metal. See, The word "benzoin" is derived from the Arabic expression ", Laurent, Auguste (1836) "Sur la chlorophnise et les acides chlorophnisique et chlorophnsique,". Benzene - Density and Specific Weight vs. Monatsh. Centric affinities (i.e., bonds) acted within a designated cycle of carbon atoms. The short term exposure limit for airborne benzene is 5 ppm for 15 minutes. Kekul's 1872 modification of his 1865 theory, illustrating rapid alternation of double bonds[note 1], In 1845, Charles Blachford Mansfield, working under August Wilhelm von Hofmann, isolated benzene from coal tar. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. Specific heat of liquids. The heat capacities and heat of crystallization of some isomeric aromatic compounds, Soc., 1925, 47, 1-9. For example, mutations in CYP2E1 increase activity and result in increased generation of toxic metabolites. Data, 1987, 32, 176-177. The specific heat transfer area is 109.46 m 2 per (kg/s) of fresh water and the heat transfer area of the distillate preheater is 200 m 2. Trans. Pure benzene, for example, oxidizes in the body to produce an epoxide, benzene oxide, which is not excreted readily and can interact with DNA to produce harmful mutations. ; Daniels, A.C., Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. [105] Benzene leaked into the Songhua River, which supplies drinking water to the city, after an explosion at a China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) factory in the city of Jilin on 13 November 2005. Depending on the feedstock used to produce the olefins, steam cracking can produce a benzene-rich liquid by-product called pyrolysis gasoline. Under these conditions, aliphatic hydrocarbons form rings and lose hydrogen to become aromatic hydrocarbons. Here Kekul spoke of the creation of the theory. There are limitations on the content of benzene in gasoline. Subrahmanyam, S.V. The current NIOSH definition for an IDLH condition, as given in the NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic, is one that poses a threat of exposure to airborne contaminants when that exposure is likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment. We don't collect information from our users. Hence it floats onwater. specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. [67], As a gasoline (petrol) additive, benzene increases the octane rating and reduces knocking. Nitrobenzene is the precursor to aniline. Grolier, J.-P.E. Thermodynam., 1982, 14, 259-268. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) adopted Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for benzene at 0.5 ppm TWA and 2.5 ppm STEL. In general, the evaluated uncertainty limits are on the order of (0.5 to 2.5) kJ/mol. Williams, J.W. He said that he had discovered the ring shape of the benzene molecule after having a reverie or day-dream of a snake biting its own tail (this is a common symbol in many ancient cultures known as the Ouroboros or endless knot). : Molwarme des Systems 1,2-Dibromathan-Benzol, ), 1977, C9-1-C9-4. Chem. Calorimetric determinations of thermal properties of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and benzene, Pacor, P., Smaller amounts of benzene are used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, explosives, and pesticides. Determination of excess heat capacities of (benzene + tetrachloromethane and + cyclohexane) between 293.15 and 303.15 K by use of a Picker flow calorimeter, ; Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E., Benzene is found in air, water, and soil that comes from both industrial and natural sources, is highly flammable, and evapo-rates into air very quickly, and dissolves slightly in water. Specific heat of water= 4.18 . 2. Excess heat capacities for mixtures of benzene with cyclopentane, methylcyclohexane, and cyclooctane at 298.15 K, Reddy, K.S., Am. Heat capacity of liquid benzene and hexafluorobenzene at atmospheric pressure, HHS Vulnerability Disclosure.